3.5 ... assighment 2..... number 3

	Peer-to-Peer	Client/Server
How does it work? Give an example	Peer-to-peer network operating systems allow users to share resources and files located on their computers and to access shared resources found on other computers. However, they do not have a file server or a centralized management source. In a peer-to-peer network, all computers are considered equal; they all have the same abilities to use the resources available on the network. Peer-to peer networks are designed primarily for small to medium local area networks. AppleShare and Windows for Workgroups are examples of programs that can function as peer-to-peer network operating systems.	Client/server network operating systems allow the network to centralize functions and applications in one or more dedicated file servers. The file servers become the heart of the system, providing access to resources and providing security. Individual workstations (clients) have access to the resources available on the file servers. The network operating system provides the mechanism to integrate all the components of the network and allow multiple users to simultaneously share the same resources irrespective of physical location. Novell Netware and Windows 2000 Server are examples of client/server network operating systems.
Advantages	- Less initial expense - No need for a dedicated server. - Setup - An operating system (such as Windows XP) already in place may only need to be reconfigured for peer-to-peer operations.	- Centralized - Resources and data security are controlled through the server. -  Scalability - Any or all elements can be replaced individually as needs increase. - Flexibility - New technology can be easily integrated into system. - Interoperability - All components (client/network/server) work together. - Accessibility - Server can be accessed remotely and across multiple platforms.
Disadvantages	- Decentralized - No central repository for files and applications. - Security - Does not provide the security available on a client/server network.	- Expense - Requires initial investment in dedicated server. - Maintenance - Large networks will require a staff to ensure efficient operation. - Dependence - When server goes down, operations will cease across the network.

3.5 .... Assignment 2 ..... number 2

3.5 ..... Assignment 2 .. number 1

                                   

              1) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable 

                                    

                                          2) Coaxial Cable

                                     


                                     3) Fiber Optic Cable

3.5 ...assignment 1

3.3 Inside Computers

1)  There are 2 RAM chips. Both the chips were together and were located on the motherboard. We come to know the quantity of RAM by reading a white sticker pasted on the RAM chip. Both the chips have 120MB of RAM individually. These can be removed by clicking the two white switches (Top and bottom) in the direction opposite to the original one and then pull the chip. Yes, we were comfortable doing this with our own computer.

2. The Hard Drive is located on extreme right on the upper corner of the tower. It is      

Connected to the motherboard with two wires called IDE Cable and SATA Cable. the amount of hard drive in written on the hard drive and there was 148 Gb of hard drive.

3) It is located at the top left corner of the tower. It uses 94 watts. I think the advantages of low watt power and high watt power supply is:

   Low watt power supply                                                         High Watt power supply

 1) Usage of less power of the computer                               1) High speed computer                      

       2) Less energy wasting by the computer                              2) Less time for starting

4. It's located on the motherboard. The CPU is located under the heat sink fan. It’s not that hard to access you just need to know how to put it back safely and carefully on its right place. I think it is set up this way so that the fan in front of this takes all the hot air the CPU leaves.

5) The optical drive is on the front of the tower. Its CD Drive and DVD drive. I know this because computer doesn’t work with Blu-ray CDs or DVDs.

6) There is only one fan on the top OF CPU. I think reasons that we would not need more fans because CPU is the major part of the computer that needs to cool down because that where everything is coming. If the computer is working like whole 24 hours the fan helps the CPU to cools down so that it can work infinitely. Sometimes you may have noticed that CPU makes some noise like air coming out of it that’s where you your CPU need to cool down and the fan helps it to work again.

7)  Yes, there is video card in the computer and it is a dedicated video card. It is a graphic card that is used for gaming in the computer. This video card provides good graphics for the game so that people can have fun playing it.

8) Yes, there is a sound card. I know because it is located on the motherboard. Moreover, in the front of the CPU if you really like to hear the music with headphones they have space for wires to get into the tower or the Computer.

9) The three possible hardware upgrades for this computer are a webcam, a printer and speakers

10)  Three advantages of upgrading an old computer rather than buying a new one:

        - No wastage of money

        - You can assemble a new window in an old computer and gain some Knowledge    

           about how to do it.
        - you save time

The one disadvantage is the old one can cause problems because it’s still got an old CPU.  Moreover, some new Hardware’s or software’s will not work on old computers. Furthermore the computer will work slow.

3.2 Building or Buying

3 advantages of building a PC 

     -  Most Parts Come With a 1-Year Warranty

     - Low Cost

     - You Will Learn so Much and building a computer is a great skill

3 advantages of buying a PC 

     - Technical Support

     -  Less knowlege required

      - Already made for you you don`t have to waste extra time to make some parts. 

i would go with building a PC rather than buying it because Most computer systems come pre-built with the specifications and components already selected for you. This often can lead the user to have to sacrifice certain features that they may not want to give up. By building a computer from components, the user is able to choose the parts that best match the computer system they desire. 

Moreover, you gain some knowledge about computers by actually looking at the parts  and knowing where to put them. This way you working more like an Engineer by using your critical thinking.

3.1 Introducation to computer systems

1) TOWER: A Tower refers to a computer in which the power supply, motherboard, and mass storage devices are stacked on top of each other in a cabinet. This is in contrast to desktop models, in which these components are housed in a more compact box. The main advantage of tower models is that there are fewer space constraints, which makes installation of additional storage devices easier. A tower is made up of many different components. Each part has specific functions.

2) RAM: RAM is the part of your computer that is used as instant memory. RAM comes in many different configurations, such as DDR2 and DDR3. The type of motherboard you have will determine your RAM. RAM stores information for actively running programs so that data can be accessed and used rapidly. Contrast it to the hard drive where it has to physically write and read every bit of information, which would be far too slow to use for RAM. RAM stands for Random Access Memory. 

3) HARD DRIVE: It is the part of the computer that stores all your information. If you upload a picture to your computer, it is stored on the hard drive. Hard drive capacity is measure in gigabytes, or GB. There are typically two ways that hard drives can connect to the motherboard: SATA and IDE.  

 

4)DVD AND DVD DRIVE:  DVD and DVD drive is an optical Disc storage media format. DVD discs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions. DVD discs are used in DVD- Video consumer digital video format and in DVD-Audio consumer digital audio format, as well as for authoring AVCHD Discs. DVD discs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. Its main uses are video and data storage.

5) ETHERNET CABLE: An Ethernet crossover cable is a type of Ethernet cable used to connect computing devices together directly where they would normally be connected via a network switch, hub or router, such as directly connecting two personal computers via their network interface controllers. When a terminal device is connected to a switch or hub, this crossover is done internally in the switch or hub. A standard straight through cable is used for this purpose where each pin of the connector on one end is connected to the corresponding pin on the other connector. One terminal device may be connected directly to another without the use of a switch or hub, but in that case the crossover must be done externally in the cable or modular crossover adapter. Since 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX use pairs 2 and 3, these two pairs must be swapped in the cable. This is a crossover cable. A crossover cable must also be used to connect two internally crossed devices (e.g., two hubs) as the internal crossovers cancel each other out. 

6) MOTHERBOARD: The motherboard is the part of your computer that wires all of the other parts together. Every component of your computer, from the DVD burner to the CPU, will connect directly into the motherboard. Motherboard specs are typically designed around which processor (CPU). 

  

7) IDE AND SATA CABLE: 

The IDE cable connects CD drives and Hard drives to the mother board. They transfer data and commands between the devices but not power. The side of the cable with a red line indicates pin #1 and that has to be toward the correct position as indicated on the drives and Motherboard. On drives it usually connects nearest the power connector and The Serial ATA bus [SATA] is the serial version of the IDE [ATA] spec. SATA uses a 4 conductor cable with two differential pairs [Tx/Rx], plus an additional three grounds pins and a separate power connector. Data runs at 150MBps [1.5GHz] using 8GB/10GB encoding and 250mV signal swings, with a maximum bus length of 1 meter. Later SATA  enhancements move the data transfer speed to; 300MBps [3.0Gbps], and then 600MBps [6.0Gbps].

8) USB: Universal Serial Bus (USB), an external bus standard that supports data transfer rates of 12 Mbps. A single USB port can be used to connect up to 127 peripheral devices such as mice, modems, and keyboards. USB also supports plug and play installation and hot plugging.

 

9) VIDEO CARD: Video card is a graphic card, the component of your computer that interprets video signal. These cards are necessary so that you can connect a monitor to your computer. There are many types of graphic cards available: anything from high-end gaming cards to TV tuner cards. Some popular graphic card manufacturers are NVIDIA, ATI, and EVGA. The function of the video card is to generate output images to a display. Many video cards offer added functions, such as accelerated rendering of 3D scenes and 2D , graphics video capture, TV-tuner adapter, MPEG-2/MPEG-4 decoding, FireWire, light pen, TV output, or the ability to connect multiple monitors. Other modern high performance video cards are used for more graphically demanding purposes, such as PC games. 

10) PCI CARD: PCI card is a computer bus for attaching hardware devices in a computer. These devices can take either the form of an integrated circuit fitted onto the motherboard itself, called a planar device in the PCI specification, or an expansion card that fits into a slot. The PCI Local Bus is common in modern PCs, where it has displaced ISA and VESA local bus as the standard expansion bus, and it also appears in many other computer types. Despite the availability of faster interfaces such as PCI-X and PCI express, conventional PCI remains a very common interface. PCi stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect.